Hi Roger,
That is an interesting question! For opthalmic A scanners, you can use a test cylinder that produces an echo at a known distance, and check that the scanner measuring 'calipers' gives the same distance reading.
For B scanners, I guess ideally you would have some sort of phantom, containing targets to check the penetration and resolution etc of the probe/scanner. These phantoms are available for abdominal/obstetric etc scanners, but I don't know if anyone makes them for opthalmic scanners.