Good answer, Mark ... and you're absolutely right (of course):- it's the humidifier that is the active device in all this - driving the heat and the moisture - as well as being the common component in all the set-ups mentioned. smile

But I can't help wondering about the temperature sensor (the "feedback loop"). Wouldn't a bad connection (or faulty "airway probe"), or some weirdness in its positioning also tend to cause temperature over (under) shoot and therefore contribute to - or indeed cause - rainout? think

But first let's wait to hear from Topper about the ambient temperature in that Neonatal Unit!